equilibrium effects of GATT/WTO membership on trade and welfare. Using an extensive database covering manufacturing trade for 186 … countries over the period 1980-2016, we find that the average impact of GATT/WTO membership on trade among member counties is …

union membership and job satisfaction in Germany. Cross-sectional analyses reveal a negative correlation, while fixed … of union membership, we generate information on the union density individuals faced in their industry and region. This … time-variant IV suggests no causal impact of individual union membership on job satisfaction. Finally, using different …

effect on the exports of beneficiaries when they are members of the World Trade Organization and are very poor. Not …

World Bank projects and generally find that projects that are potentially politically motivated - such as those granted to … governments holding a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council or an Executive Directorship at the World Bank … Council members with higher short-term debt, however, a negative quality rating is more likely. So we find evidence that World …

temporary UN Security Council membership and participation in IMF programs, even after accounting for economic and political … factors, as well as regional and country effects, and duration dependence. There is also evidence that UNSC membership reduces … the number of conditions included in IMF programs. The size of the loan, however, is not affected by UNSC membership. …

, membership in international organizations is significantly and robustly linked with better credibility, here proxied for by … country risk ratings. Two more results stand out: the longer a country has had a high level of membership, the higher its …