by national governments around the world. We first describe and document some of their effects, noting the relative lack … have been made as part of the Mode 4 GATS negotiations in the WTO, suggesting that the GATS/WTO may be an imperfect …

) existence can also be an issue. Here we use numerical simulation methods. We first consider world with service trade autarky in … removing period by period budget constraints for domestic consumers. In such a world, if nonzero tariffs apply to spatial trade … negotiations on services in the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) need not be welfare improving if there are also …

. Second, only a small share of these gains has been realized so far. And third, the WTO's TRIPS agreement has been … counterproductive, slightly reducing welfare in the Global South and for the world. Overall, there is substantial scope for policy …