measure agency for 209 women in Haryana, India, first, through a semi-structured interview and, second, through a large set of … close-ended questions. We use qualitative coding methods to score each woman’s agency based on the interview, which we treat … resulting five-question index is as strongly correlated with the coded qualitative interview as is an index that uses all of the …

, and as predicted by the theory, quite robust to the presence of unit roots and structural breaks. The use of the CD test …