; however, this subsequent internal conflict does not discourage alliance members from expending much effort in the contest … repeated interaction, direct contact or communication, free-riding among alliance members is far less pronounced than what … outside enemy, 'brothers in arms' may already anticipate future internal conflict about dividing the spoils of winning …

internal fight reduces the alliance's ability to succeed against the outside enemy. Second, the option to make non …-binding declarations on non-aggression in the relationship between alliance members does not make peaceful settlement within the alliance … more likely. Third, higher differences in the alliance players' contributions to alliance effort lead to more internal …