We study electoral competition among politicians who are heterogeneous both in competence and in how much they care … politicians? incentives to behave opportunistically increase with politicians? pay and with polarization of policy preferences …. Moreover, politicians may have stronger incentives to behave opportunistically if other politicians are more likely to behave …

-checking company. Our results show that politicians are responsive to negative fact-checking. Specifically, we observe a significative … reduction in the number of incorrect statements made by politicians after being treated. This effect persists for at least two … months. We also observe a reduction in the probability of politicians making verifiable statements, suggesting that fact …

selected group of Dutch politicians, we find that politicians conform their expressed opinion about policy experiments to what …

We develop a two-period model of redistributive politics in which two politicians compete in an election in each period …. In the first period, the politicians propose both whether to experiment with an efficient reform with uncertain benefits … and choose the amount of public debt. Politicians also allocate pork-barrel spending to voters in each period. We show …