The paper provides a tractable, analytical framework to study regulatory risk. Regulatory risk is captured by … funds. Results are as follows: 1) The regulator's reaction to regulatory risk depends on the curvature of aggregate demand …. 2) It yields a positive information rent effect exactly when demand is convex. 3) Firms benefit from regulatory risk …

The roam-like-at-home regulation (RLAH) eliminated all mobile roaming surcharges to Eu-ropean consumers travelling … within the European Economic Area (EEA). We measure the causal impact of the regulation on EEA roaming traffic, using the … revenues. To evaluate the welfare effects of the regulation, we develop a framework that includes consumer surplus, retail and …

implications of our findings for the regulation of media markets …

-of-return regulation is generally thought to result in overinvestment, while incentive regulation is believed to entail underinvestment …. Yet, previous empirical work has generally found that the introduction of incentive regulation has not systematically …-of-return regulation because investment decisions (what can be included in the rate base) are usually evaluated in a discretionary manner …

This paper investigates political uncertainty as a source of regulatory risk. It shows that political parties have … incentives to reduce regulatory risk actively: Mutually beneficial pre-electoral agreements that reduce regulatory risk always … skewed. These results follow from a fluctuation effect of regulatory risk that hurts parties and an output-expansion effect …

materialize. Financial regulation encouraging the decarbonization of the banks' balance sheets via tax-subsidy schemes …