mortality reductions. Using data from 19 compulsory schooling reforms implemented in Europe during the twentieth century, we …

In this paper I survey and reinterpret the extensive literature on Europe's Great Depression. I argue that Europe could …

Western Europe. An important factor, recognized in the literature, is that China centralized state institutions very early on …, while Europe remained politically fragmented for much longer. These initial differences, however, were amplified by the … different social organizations (clans in China, corporate structures in Europe) that spread in these two societies at the turn …

uneconomical self-supply, and complicate administration and compliance. The welfare costs of the exemptions can be estimated at one …

A reasonable future for Europe can only be achieved if two essential elements are fulfilled: Firstly, newly established …