In absence of randomized controlled experiments, identification is often aimed via instrumental variable (IV … design credible identification strategies, aforemost finding candidates for valid instruments. We discuss prominent IV …

This paper considers the problem of identification, estimation and inference in the case of spatial panel data models … errors. A quasi maximum likelihood (QML) estimation procedure is developed and the conditions for identification of spatial …

interventions. The identification of such causal mechanisms is challenging and typically requires strong assumptions. This paper … discusses identification and estimation of natural direct and indirect effects in so-called double randomization designs that … outcome. We show that such designs allow for identification based on an assumption that is weaker than the assumption of …

to parameterize identification uncertainty without falling back on ad hoc prior specifications. They are also unable to … mainly the imposition of a highly unrealistic prior for the global impact price elasticity of oil supply. Once identification …

differences in data sets; (b) differences in remaining biases between different identification strategies; and (c) differences … across identification strategies in their ability to make out-of-sample predictions. We conclude that discrepancies in past …