solely internal testing and internal teacher monitoring including inspectorates does not affect student achievement. Our … findings point out the pitfalls of overly broad generalizations from specific country testing systems. …

This paper investigates the role of testing and age-composition in the Covid-19 epidemic. We augment a standard SIR … cold. Testing reduces the time of uncertainty. Individuals are heterogeneous with respect to age. Younger people are less … policy responses in terms of testing, confinements, and selective mixing by age group. …

associated with higher testing rates. Our findings point to a number of key community determinants of people’s willingness to … related to greater testing. …