High transaction costs and thin participation plague water quality trading and prevent markets from delivering expected … participation decisions and generate strategic complementarities with multiple large or small market participation levels equilibria … attraction around the full-participation equilibrium, and thus may improve pollution trading efficiency relative to distinct …

university participation has been increasing. We use the Linear Probability and Logit models to investigate the determinants of … explaining the rising level of the university participation rate for women and men. The important variables include a time trend … university degree, tuition fees and real income. The increasing gap between the female and male participation rates (15 …

This study examines how the quality of political institutions affects the distribution of the government budget in Iran …

effects of oil exports are taken into account, the estimates support output growth convergence between Iran and the rest of …, which could be partly due to the relatively underdeveloped nature of Iran’s financial markets. …

development of government spending in major sections shapes the political institutions in Iran. This question has become … especially important due to recent international sanctions, aiming to change the political behavior of Iran. We use the impulse … provision spending in Iran. The results imply that a shock in positive changes of democratic quality of institutions leads to …

six emerging economies (Iran, India, Indonesia, Korea, Pakistan, and Thailand). First, it applies both time series …

index of smuggling in Iran from 1970 to 2002. The Multiple Indicators - Multiple Causes (MIMIC) econometric modelling is … incentives for illegal trade. More trade openness accompanies more illegal trade for the case of Iran. On average, the relative … size of smuggling is about 13% of the total trade in Iran. The absolute amount of smuggling per year is about USD3 billion. …