study a reform in Germany that abruptly abolished this mandate for certain firms incorporated after August 1994 but locked … effect on profitability, leverage, or costs of debt. Overall, the evidence is consistent with richer models of industrial …

mechanism considered in the paper is based on that multiproduct shipments allow splitting fixed costs per shipment across many … products and, therefore, reducing total shipment costs. As a result, more developed countries tend to have lower fixed costs …-product shipments in determining shipping costs …

of immobile residents. Investment is costly: Quadratic installation and de-installation costs limit the mobility of … and effects of changes in installation costs are ambiguous …

Exploiting the exogenous variation in childcare costs caused by a Swedish childcare reform, we are able to identify the … causal effect of childcare costs on fertility in a context in which childcare enrollment is almost universal, user fees are … low, and the labor force participation of mothers is very high. Anticipation of a reduction in childcare costs increased …