This study examines how the quality of political institutions affects the distribution of the government budget in Iran …

effects of oil exports are taken into account, the estimates support output growth convergence between Iran and the rest of …, which could be partly due to the relatively underdeveloped nature of Iran’s financial markets. …

development of government spending in major sections shapes the political institutions in Iran. This question has become … especially important due to recent international sanctions, aiming to change the political behavior of Iran. We use the impulse … provision spending in Iran. The results imply that a shock in positive changes of democratic quality of institutions leads to …

six emerging economies (Iran, India, Indonesia, Korea, Pakistan, and Thailand). First, it applies both time series …

index of smuggling in Iran from 1970 to 2002. The Multiple Indicators - Multiple Causes (MIMIC) econometric modelling is … incentives for illegal trade. More trade openness accompanies more illegal trade for the case of Iran. On average, the relative … size of smuggling is about 13% of the total trade in Iran. The absolute amount of smuggling per year is about USD3 billion. …

2015 on military spending of Iran. We create a synthetic control group that mimics the socioeconomic characteristics of … Iran before the international sanctions of 2012. We then compare the military spending of the counterfactual Iran without … sanction to the factual Iran with sanction for the period of 2003-2015. Over the entire 2013–2015 period, per capita military …

provinces of Iran and applying a panel fixed effects estimation method, our results show that AOD has a positive and significant …

We study the effect of a corruption reflection index on internal conflict in Iran using a novel measure of corruption …

Enterprises (MSMEs) survival strategies during the international sanctions against Iran. Using data from a questionnaire of 486 …