a punishment regime, in which certain individuals are permitted, but not required, to have punishment directed toward … them. The punishment system can condition on type and contribution history. The results indicate that the most effective … regime, in terms of contributions and earnings, is one that allows punishment of low contributors only, regardless of …

heterogeneous groups. When punishment is not allowed all groups converge towards free-riding. With punishment, contributions … that these differences are not accidentally but enforced by punishment. The enforced contribution norms are related to …

This paper argues that the Economics of Crime concentrates too much on punishment as a policy to fight crime, which is … unwise for several reasons. There are important instances in which punishment simply cannot reduce crime. Several feasible … alternatives to punishment exist, such as offering positive incentives or handing out awards for law abiding behavior. These …

Direct experience of a peer’s punishment might make non-punished peers reassess the probability and consequences of … facing punishment and hence induce a change in their behavior. We test this mechanism in a setting, China, in which we … observe the reactions to the same peer’s punishment by listed firms with different incentives to react - state …