This study examines how the quality of political institutions affects the distribution of the government budget in Iran …

, inflation, real exchange rate, oil exports, and foreign real output, the paper finds clear evidence for two long run relations …: an output equation as predicted by the theory and a standard real money demand equation with inflation acting as a proxy … significant negative long run association between inflation and real GDP, which is suggestive of economic inefficiencies. Once the …

development of government spending in major sections shapes the political institutions in Iran. This question has become … especially important due to recent international sanctions, aiming to change the political behavior of Iran. We use the impulse … provision spending in Iran. The results imply that a shock in positive changes of democratic quality of institutions leads to …

six emerging economies (Iran, India, Indonesia, Korea, Pakistan, and Thailand). First, it applies both time series …

index of smuggling in Iran from 1970 to 2002. The Multiple Indicators - Multiple Causes (MIMIC) econometric modelling is … incentives for illegal trade. More trade openness accompanies more illegal trade for the case of Iran. On average, the relative … size of smuggling is about 13% of the total trade in Iran. The absolute amount of smuggling per year is about USD3 billion. …

2015 on military spending of Iran. We create a synthetic control group that mimics the socioeconomic characteristics of … Iran before the international sanctions of 2012. We then compare the military spending of the counterfactual Iran without … sanction to the factual Iran with sanction for the period of 2003-2015. Over the entire 2013–2015 period, per capita military …

level of income per capita (with negative effect), inflation and income inequality (both with positive effect) are the …

provinces of Iran and applying a panel fixed effects estimation method, our results show that AOD has a positive and significant …

We study the effect of a corruption reflection index on internal conflict in Iran using a novel measure of corruption …

Enterprises (MSMEs) survival strategies during the international sanctions against Iran. Using data from a questionnaire of 486 …