This paper studies the role played by politics in shaping the Italian railway network, and its impact on long …-run growth patterns. Examining a large state-planned railway expansion that took place during the second half of the 19th century … in a recently unified country, we first study how both national and local political processes shaped the planned railway …

. Our results show that the establishment of a new railway connection is not systematically associated with short …

, which allows us to determine necessary and sufficient conditions for a tech cluster to emerge as an equilibrium outcome. We … tech cluster to form. Not only is the productivity of the final sector higher when intermediate firms cluster, but a tech … cluster hosts more intermediate firms and more R&D and production activities, and yields greater worker welfare, compared to …

Using data from the U.S. automobile market, we empirically examine the link between competition and innovation … this an interesting market to examine the link between competition and innovation. We use firm-level time-series data over …. Consistent with a large literature, we use patent counts as a measure of innovation. The combination of the U.S. market …

is found that patents ought to be weaker, the more intense competition, the higher R&D productivity, and the more … intricate reverse engineering are. Unlike similar step-by-step innovation models of economic growth, the model assumes Cournot … competition and introduces an empirically substantiated measure of sector differences in the ability to catch up with the …

&D investment, and derive predictions on the effects of trust and competition on suppliers' investment and buyers' procurement … - but also with more competitive procurement: trust and rents from reduced supplier competition in the procurement process …

Empirical studies have uncovered an inverted-U relationship between product-market competition and innovation. This is … inconsistent with the original Schumpeterian Model, where greater competition reduces the profitability of innovation. We show that … the model can predict the inverted-U if the innovators’ talent is heterogenous, and privately observable. With competition …

explain them. We then describe a theoretical framework of endogenous markups, innovation, and competition that can potentially …