Stringent Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) are expected to drive exporters out of the markets imposing these hurdles …. However their impact will vary, with some exporters being able to refocus on TBT-free markets. By matching a database of TBT … the complex effects of restrictive TBT measures on the different margins of trade. We show that the negative effect of TBT …

manipulation. We show that certification of private information by a third party may not always be in the interest of the principal … if this certification raises the specter of collusion. …

Who does, and who should initiate costly certification by a third party under asymmetric quality information, the buyer …-induced certification acts as an inspection device, seller-induced certification as a signalling device. Seller-induced certification … maximizes the certifier's profit and social welfare. This suggests the general principle that certification is, and should be …

This paper aims to help policy makers identify how standards can contribute to the effective and cost … discuss what standards are, how the process of standardization works, and how standards are related to induced innovation and …-saving technologies. This broad perspective enables us to identify interesting economic dimensions of standards, such as their …

Average Treatment Effects. The tests allow researchers not only to test for selection on either or both of the treated and …