that are more effective at preventing outsider’s entry and at mitigating price competition lead to less patenting. We test … restrict entry and price competition. We show that guilds which originated from medieval religious confraternities were more … likely to regulate entry and competition, and that the effect on patenting is robust to instrumenting guild statutes with …

Using data from the U.S. automobile market, we empirically examine the link between competition and innovation … this an interesting market to examine the link between competition and innovation. We use firm-level time-series data over … patenting, and the relationship is reasonably non-linear; (2) higher market-wide competition results in an increase in patenting …