. The bias arises from lack of commitment if voters are rational and from manipulation of voters’ beliefs if they do not …

I examine whether elections influence perceived corruption in the public sector. Perceived corruption in the public … sector is measured by the reversed Transparency International’s Perception of Corruption Index (CPI). The dataset includes …. The results show that the reversed CPI was about 0.4 points higher in election years than in other years, indicating that …

those that were not. When a justice's choice decides the outcome of a case, her ideology plays an even greater role in …

and the ideology of politicians campaigning for the House of Representatives in the 1992-2016 period. Implementing various … polarization measures based on ideology data derived from 16 million campaign finance contributors, our results show that migrant …

from the right and one from the left, using panel data from 290 municipal election districts. To identify causal effects … incumbency advantage in the next election. Exploring possible mechanisms, we find evidence that when the anti-immigrant party … wins a marginal seat, they experience higher levels of politician turnover before the next election and receive negative …