. Combining innovation data from world fairs and historical military data across Europe, we show that national military spending … is associated with national innovation towards war logistics such as food processing, but less towards war technology … such as guns. This pattern reflects differences in the historical markets for war supplies. European patent data of 1990 …

standalone effects. In this study, we focus on the case of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and the subsequent Iran-Iraq war from … 1980 to 1988. We use the synthetic control method to study the effect of revolution and war on changes in income inequality … levels. Had there been no revolution and war in Iran, how would income inequality have developed? Utilizing the synthetic …

U.S. Civil War and World War I led to substantial increases in the quantity of prosthetic device patenting relative to … on improving aspects of the production process, while World War I did not, consistent with the United States applying a … patenting in other medical and mechanical technology classes. Second, we find that the Civil War led inventors to focus broadly …

Entrepreneurs are often situated in extreme environments characterized by violent conflict. Yet, war is largely a blind … study of entrepreneurial dynamics in the Russo-Ukrainian war. Relative to the synthetic counterfactual, Ukraine’s number of … way for systematic scholarship on “war and entrepreneurship,” our study proposes a conceptual framework integrating …

This study examines the causal joint effect of a new political regime and war against Iraq on life expectancy of … Iranians for the period 1978–1988 during the revolution and war. I use a synthetic control approach to construct a synthetic … evolution of the factual Iranian life expectancy during the post-revolution period through the end of the war. I find a sizable …

to go to war with each other, even after controlling for a wide set of measures of geographic distance and other factors …