convinced that their manager cares for them. Managers can signal their altruistic feelings towards their employees in two ways … altruistic managers may offer lower wages and nevertheless build up better social-exchange relationships with their employees … than egoistic managers do. In such equilibria, a low wage signals to employees that the manager has something else to offer …

at whether diaspora effects are different across education levels and gender. Using new data allowing to include both … influencing the selection in terms skills and in term of gender. We found that network effects vary by education level but not by … gender. Women are also found to be less directly dependent on migration costs unrelated to networks such as distance. …