Caporale, Guglielmo Maria; Gil-Alana, Luis A. - 2007
, real risk-free rate, real stock returns, equity premium and price/dividend ratio, annually from 1871 to 1993. When focusing … found only for the price/dividend ratio. When the cyclical component is also taken into account, the series appear to be … stationary but to exhibit long memory with respect to both components in almost all cases. The exception is the price/dividend …