the assistance provided to the parent by her adult children. The first stage determines the living arrangement: the parent …

parents to children; (2) positive assortative mating of parents, which tends to reinforce the impact of parents on the child …

, in the medium run, the effects of the reform are insignificant for both male and female children. The sons of treated … mothers are perceived as still having worse health at older ages, even if their objective health status has recovered. These … boys are also more likely to have private health insurance, which suggests more concerned mothers …

In this paper, we provide estimates of the subjectively perceived cost of children depending on the extent of parental … with children in Germany. Our study confirms that the monetary cost of children is substantial and increases with parental … sizeable for families with children …

causes adult daughters with young children to work half an hour less. Daughters without children, with older children and … penalty. Test score effects are positive for children aged 4-7 (substitution from grandparental to maternal care), and … negative for children aged 11-12 (substitution from grandparental to formal childcare) …

physical and mental health and subjective well-being. The reform extended paid leave for first-time mothers by six months to a …

exploit the setting of the German reunification. A state socialist country, East Germany strongly encouraged mothers to … show that even a partial exposure to East German colleagues induces “native” West German mothers to accelerate their return …

applications, resulting in a large increase in enrollment among lower-SES families. The treatment increases lower-SES mothers’ full …-time employment rates by 9 percentage points (+160%), household income by 10%, and mothers’ earnings by 22%. The effect on full …