the most cost-efficient way to impose trade sanctions against Russia? We build a quantitative model of international trade … minimize Russia’s income, with different weights placed on these objectives. We find, first, that for countries with low … willingness to pay for sanctions against Russia, the most cost-efficient sanction is a uniform tariff on all Russian products of …

arm and then choose whether to resolve their dispute violently through war or peacefully through settlement. Both … approaches depend on the states’ military capacities, but have very different outcomes. War precludes the possibility of … in the shadow of arming and the threat of war. In this setting, we characterize the conditions under which peace arises …

standalone effects. In this study, we focus on the case of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and the subsequent Iran-Iraq war from … 1980 to 1988. We use the synthetic control method to study the effect of revolution and war on changes in income inequality … levels. Had there been no revolution and war in Iran, how would income inequality have developed? Utilizing the synthetic …

U.S. Civil War and World War I led to substantial increases in the quantity of prosthetic device patenting relative to … on improving aspects of the production process, while World War I did not, consistent with the United States applying a … patenting in other medical and mechanical technology classes. Second, we find that the Civil War led inventors to focus broadly …

study of entrepreneurial dynamics in the Russo-Ukrainian war. Relative to the synthetic counterfactual, Ukraine’s number of …Entrepreneurs are often situated in extreme environments characterized by violent conflict. Yet, war is largely a blind … of the start of the conflict. In contrast, Russia had lost more than 1.4 million SMEs (42%) five years into the conflict …

This study examines the causal joint effect of a new political regime and war against Iraq on life expectancy of … Iranians for the period 1978–1988 during the revolution and war. I use a synthetic control approach to construct a synthetic … evolution of the factual Iranian life expectancy during the post-revolution period through the end of the war. I find a sizable …

. On February 24, 2022 with the Russian invasion on Ukraine one of the biggest events imaginable came to pass. Using …

period of coverage from 1950-2019 to 1950-2022, which includes two special periods – COVID-19 and the war between Russia and … Ukraine. The new update of the GSDB contains a total of 1,325 cases. In response to multiple inquiries and requests, the GSDB … trade. We also obtain estimates of the effects on trade of the 2014 sanctions on Russia …

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has caused disruptions in international trade and highlighted the dependency of small … globalization and import dependency as a short-term reaction to economic turbulences and geopolitical upheaval at the onset of war …

This paper uses a survey among students at European universities to explore whether Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has … affected attitudes toward European integration. Some respondents completed the survey just before Russia’s assault on February …. In effect, the war so close to the EU Eastern border provoked a rally around the supranational EU flag, with convergence …