Bisin, Alberto; Gottardi, Piero; Rampini, Adriano A. - 2004
using financial markets and shareholders cannot perfectly monitor the manager's portfolio in order to keep him from hedging … monitoring is costly governance is imperfect. If managerial hedging is detected, shareholders can seize the payoffs of the …) conditional on the firm's performance, the manager's compensation is lower when his portfolio is monitored, even if no hedging is …