This study examines the impact of international economic sanctions, imposed on Iran due to its nuclear program, on the … for Iran, using a weighted average of other comparable countries that mirror pre-sanction Iran, but did not experience … significant international sanctions. By comparing the middle-class size of this counterfactual Iran with the actual Iran that …

We empirically analyze the effect of UN and US economic sanctions on life expectancy and its gender gap in target … matching approach to account for the endogeneity of sanctions. Our results indicate that an average episode of UN sanctions … reduces life expectancy by about 1.2–1.4 years. The corresponding decrease of 0.4–0.5 years under US sanctions is …

How effective are “smart” sanctions in imposing costs on an adversary? We consider this question in a model where a … estimate the impact on firm performance from smart sanctions deployed by the U.S. and EU against Russia beginning in 2014. We …-strategic firms under sanctions, implying a cost of shielding to the regime that adds substantially to the total cost of sanctions. …

Although international sanctions are a widely used instrument of coercion, their economic effects are still not fully … sanctions, thereby accounting for pre-treatment dynamics in countries subject to sanctions. Our analysis focuses on the effects … of sanctions on GDP growths as well as various transmission channels through which sanctions affect economic activity. We …

This paper introduces the third update/release of the Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB-R3). The GSDB-R3 extends the …-R3 has been amended with a new variable that distinguishes between unilateral and multilateral sanctions. As before, the … highlight one of the new features of the GSDB, we estimate the heterogeneous effects of unilateral and multilateral sanctions on …

sanctions. We find no evidence for systematic sanction busting. Russia does not change its trade patterns with sanctioned …A frequently employed argument against imposing international sanctions is that rival superpowers are likely to bust … sanctions to simultaneously shield the target, harm the sender, and make a profit. We evaluate the legitimacy of this concern by …

sanctions, Iran's average annual growth could have been around 4 - 5 per cent, as compared to the 3 per cent realized. Sanctions …This paper considers how sanctions affected the Iranian economy using a novel measure of sanctions intensity based on … daily newspaper coverage. It finds sanctions to have significant effects on exchange rates, inflation, and output growth …

Enterprises (MSMEs) survival strategies during the international sanctions against Iran. Using data from a questionnaire of 486 … significant impacts on a firm’s ability to survive during sanctions. Moreover, micro firms are more resilient than their small and … networking and consulting services are the key drivers of withstanding the pressure from sanctions …

Iran based on a weighted average of other Middle East and North Africa (‘MENA’) and Organization of the Petroleum Exporting … (‘OPEC’) countries. The synthetic Iran matches the average level of key pre-revolution life expectancy correlates and the …

We study the effects of financial sanctions on cross-border credit supply. Using a differences-in-differences approach … to analyze eleven sanctions episodes between 2002 and 2015, we find that banks located in Germany reduce their positions … adjust its positions after the imposition of sanctions. For affiliated banks located in countries with low financial …