may combine positive effects of computer uses without equivalently effective alternative traditional teaching practices … and negative effects of uses that substitute more effective teaching practices. Our correlated random effects models …

an increase in visits to schools and opening schools with different teaching methods (in-person, hybrid, and remote) is …

We illustrate a novel informational feature of education, which the government may utilize. Discretionary decisions of … individuals to acquire education may serve as an additional signal (to earned labor income) on the underlying unobserved innate … education, as a supplement to the labor income tax. …

positively skewed. Our best guess of ex ante risk in university education is a coefficient of variation of about 0.3, comparable …

of student achievement and to engage in benchmarking because it raises the quality of teaching. This is true even if … teachers? pay (defined in monetary terms) is not performance related. If teachers value reputation, and if teaching output is …. Our estimates suggest that, despite the flat career profile of German teachers, the quality of teaching tends to be higher …