, regions, or countries. The enlargement of the EU or the introduction of the euro, however, can be looked upon as integration … that go along with EU integration along the border. Both at the urban and regional level, we find a beneficial influence of … the EU integration process as measured by the growth in population share along the integration borders, leading to an …

public administration reforms for a panel of EU countries using a novel reform indicator. The findings support the political … other EU countries, and for vertical learning associated with a particular type of EU transfers. …