I critically review recent studies that estimate those costs of violence and conflict that can emerge among organized … of organized conflict and violence are aggregated. …

In many instances of potential violent or non-violent conflict the future strategic positions of adversaries are very … different when there is open conflict than when there is settlement. In such environments we show that, as the future becomes … more important, open conflict becomes more likely than settlement. We demonstrate the theoretical robustness of this …

can reverse a country’s apparent comparative advantage relative to its comparative advantage in the absence of conflict …. And, where such conflict is present, comparisons of autarkic prices to world prices could be inaccurate predictors of …

We examine how globalization affects trade patterns and welfare when conflict prevails domestically. We do so in a …”). Thus, conflict is viewed as ultimately stemming from imperfect property-rights enforcement. When comparing autarky with … conflict. We find that importers of the contested resource gain unambiguously. By contrast, countries exporting the contested …

and host country ethnicity to explain that deficit. It introduces a two-dimensional understanding of ethnic identity, as a …