differences between Germany and other EU countries which affect the shadow price of carbon emissions. We calibrate a Melitz … how regulatory stringency evolved in the EU and Germany in terms of an implicit carbon price paid on emissions. This price … – both in Germany and other EU countries. The trend is more pronounced in Germany than in the rest of the EU. In …

unilateral climate policies for the U.S. and EU economies. We conclude in these instances that complex optimal emission price …