-stakes assessments in a field experiment with 63 low-income high schools and over 10,000 students. We contribute to the literature on …We analyze the impact of incentivizing students' effort during the school year on performance on high … incentives, and identify a "right tail" of underperforming students who experience a significant impact on high stakes …

these attitudes depending on background: immigrant students have substantially and significantly more positive attitudes to … school than native children, a difference that amounts to around 0.2 standard deviations. There is no difference between … also show that students in London have more positive attitudes to education on average, but this is entirely accounted for …