Under what conditions can the European Neighbourhood Policy achieve one of its main objectives: to resolve conflicts in the European Union's neighbourhood? In the spirit of Montesquieu and Monnet, the basic hypothesis of the EU is that closer economic integration encourages governments to take...

"In 1980, the EEC aluminium industry produced over 2 million tonnes of primary aluminium and over 1 million tonnes of secondary aluminium. Energy consumption was 11 million toe per year and energy savings of 1 million toe were obtained between 1976 and 1979 by improvement in specific energy use....

Distance related variables typically vary in a cross-section dimension but less so in a time dimension across cities, regions, or countries. The enlargement of the EU or the introduction of the euro, however, can be looked upon as integration shocks that are informative of the consequences of...