income and Protestant church attendance for six waves of up to 175 Prussian counties spanning 1886-1911. The data reveal a … marked decline in church attendance coinciding with increasing income. The cross-section also shows a negative association … between income and church attendance. But the association disappears in panel analyses, including first-differenced models of …

fixed effects account for time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity, education – but not income or urbanization – is …

The interaction between investment in children's education and parental fertility is crucial in recent theories of the …