school attended in grades 3 and 6, respectively. Consistent with recent evidence from other settings, we find that students … confirm that these achievement drops occur in non-urban areas and persist through grade 10, by which time most students have … students' performance trajectories …

positive effects of central exams on achievement tests, previous research on university-bound students shows no effects on … subsequent earnings. We suggest that labor-market effects may be more imminent for students leaving school directly for the labor … that central exams are indeed associated with higher earnings for students from school types directly bound for the labor …

A growing number of American states require that students who do not demonstrate basic reading proficiency at the end …

We study whether early tracking of students based on ability increases migrant-native achievement gaps. To eliminate …