We reassess the quot;scarringquot; hypothesis by Clark et al. (2001), which states that unemployment experienced in the … scar from past unemployment operates via worsened expectations of becoming unemployed in the future, and that it is future … insecurity that makes people unhappy. Hence, the terminology should be altered by one letter: past unemployment quot …

rates, labor market conditions improve so much that some unions enforce higher wages and let their firms shrink. This …

regular employment and results in even larger employment effects. Applying the subsidy scheme to the low-skill labor market in …