pure monopoly. We extend this model by examining cases of perfect competition and a vertically integrated domestic company … larger are the backward linkage effects. They reach their maximum under perfect competition in the intermediate goods market …

setting, we study the trade and welfare implications of labor market deregulation and compare these implications with the … consequences of product market deregulation. Thereby, we take into account that labor market reforms are subject to national policy … decisions and thus associated with unilateral intervention, while product market deregulation is determined at an international …