We explore the relationship between proximity of buyers and sellers and the organizational form of outsourcing …. Outsourcing can be "contractual" in which suppliers undertake specific investments or involve "generic" market transactions …

fixed offshoring costs. In the skill-abundant country, high-productivity firms offshore a larger range of labor … 2007, we provide empirical support for the factor proportions channel through which offshoring to labor-abundant countries …

Does the offshoring of production degrade or enhance the innovative capabilities of manufacturing firms? We contribute … products to China. We find causal evidence that offshoring impacts both the level and nature of innovation. In the technologies … evidence of a second-order positive effect of offshoring on the levels of innovation--particularly product innovation--in other …

-- with labor market frictions to study the impact of offshoring on intrafirm, intrasectoral, and intersectoral reallocation … of jobs, and on the economy-wide unemployment rate. A reduction in the offshoring cost affects intrafirm and … competition effect. The key parameters determining the impact of offshoring on reallocation of jobs at various margins as well as …

We study the relation between the off-shoring of intermediates and services and productivity growth in the Italian … manufacturing industries in 1995-2003. Our results indicate that the off-shoring of intermediates within the same industry ("narrow … off-shoring") is beneficial for productivity growth, while the off-shoring of services is not. We also find that the way …

U.S. manufacturing employment. Our findings suggest that offshoring by multinationals was a key driver of the observed …

-intensive industries? We provide a decomposition of US manufacturing GHG emissions and find no evidence of offshoring either to or from the …