We propose an estimation strategy that accounts for two major problems raised in the empirical literature testing for … make use of estimators that likely suffer less from heterogeneity, cross-sectional dependence, and other common factor … problems. Second, we apply nonlinear-nonstationary parametric and non-parametric estimation techniques to estimate the pairwise …

panel of 145 countries during the period 1970-2007. The main finding is that windfalls from international commodity price …

limit the effect of the shadow economy on pollution. We use panel data covering the period from 1999–2005 from more than 100 …We study how the shadow economy affects pollution and how this effect depends on corruption levels in public … be accompanied by higher pollution levels. Our theoretical model predicts that controlling the levels of corruption can …