This paper utilizes data on the presence of prominent individuals - that is, those with political (e.g., Members of Parliament) and aristocratic titles (e.g., lords) - on the boards of directors of English and Welsh banks from 1879-1909 to investigate whether the appointment of well-connected...

Many countries support business start-ups to spur economic growth and reduce unemployment with different programmes. Evaluation studies of such programmes commonly rely on the conditional independence assumption (CIA), allowing a causal interpretation of the results only if all relevant...