We study how the shadow economy affects pollution and how this effect depends on corruption levels in public … be accompanied by higher pollution levels. Our theoretical model predicts that controlling the levels of corruption can … limit the effect of the shadow economy on pollution. We use panel data covering the period from 1999–2005 from more than 100 …

We study the optimal and equilibrium size of cities in a city system model with environmental pollution. Pollution is …, if pollution is local or per capita pollution increases with population, we find that equilibrium cities are too large …. When pollution is global and per capita pollution declines with city size, however, equilibrium cities may be too small …