dynamics and vice versa (electoral externalities). We quantify the extent of simultaneous electoral externalities between two … vice versa. Externalities account for around 10% to 30% of variation at the other level of government. The effects differ … across parties. Electoral externalities are less pronounced for the conservative party, but increase in times of government …

data mostly contradict the traditional view that education was a leading source of the seismic social phenomenon of … fixed effects account for time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity, education – but not income or urbanization – is …