of the impact of conflict point to negative gross domestic product (GDP) growth of -12 percent on average over 2011 …-18, resulting in a GDP contraction to about one-third of the 2010 level. In post-conflict simulation scenarios, the growth drivers … stable resolution of the conflict is achieved …

systematically more likely to slip into civil conflict and civil war. Intuitively, political preferences and beliefs of highly … polarization and test its predictive power in explaining the likelihood of civil conflict and civil war, analyzing 146 countries … educational polarization is associated with a 4.6 and 3.8 percentage point rise in the chances of civil conflict and civil war …

the historical determinants of institutions with the sizeable direct impact of geographic endowments on development …

economic development, notably institutions and geography. This paper sheds a different light on these determinants. We use … spatial econometrics to analyse the importance of the geography of institutions. We show that it is not only absolute … for a country's gdp per capita. Apart from a country's own institutions, institutions in neighboring countries turn out to …

attacker's objective is to destroy a set of nodes that disconnects the network. The conflict at each node is modeled as a …