’ persistent characteristics, such as their institutions. Among our findings are that macroeconomic policies affect development …

open civil conflict against the government. Our model implies that terrorism emerges if constraints on the ruling executive … group are intermediate and rents are sizeable, whereas conflict looms under poor executive constraints. Analyzing annual … when considering the incidence and onset of terrorism and conflict. The corresponding magnitudes are economically sizeable …

In many instances of potential violent or non-violent conflict the future strategic positions of adversaries are very … different when there is open conflict than when there is settlement. In such environments we show that, as the future becomes … more important, open conflict becomes more likely than settlement. We demonstrate the theoretical robustness of this …

creates continuous and dichotomous indices. We use the SVM indices to investigate the effect of democratic institutions on …

systematically more likely to slip into civil conflict and civil war. Intuitively, political preferences and beliefs of highly … polarization and test its predictive power in explaining the likelihood of civil conflict and civil war, analyzing 146 countries … educational polarization is associated with a 4.6 and 3.8 percentage point rise in the chances of civil conflict and civil war …

, the timing and causes of the fairs' decline, and the institutions for securing property rights and enforcing contracts at … mechanisms, but was provided by public institutions. More generally, the success and decline of the Champagne fairs depended …

Institutions - the structures of rules and norms governing economic transactions - are widely assigned a central role … in economic development. Yet economic history is still dominated by the belief that institutions arise and survive … because they are economically efficient. This paper shows that alternative explanations of institutions - particularly those …

economic development, notably institutions and geography. This paper sheds a different light on these determinants. We use … spatial econometrics to analyse the importance of the geography of institutions. We show that it is not only absolute … for a country's gdp per capita. Apart from a country's own institutions, institutions in neighboring countries turn out to …

the historical determinants of institutions with the sizeable direct impact of geographic endowments on development …