and thus impose a cost to their owners. We test a simple theory of the designation process in which we postulate that the …

Value-added data are an increasingly common evaluation tool for schools and teachers. Many school districts have …

In this paper we argue that any meaningful bibliometric evaluation of researchers needs to take into account that … importance in the academic labor market because of the irrevocable nature of tenure. Finally, we show how life cycle …

? Suppose a manager’s evaluation is private information. Justifying her evaluation is costly but limits the principal’s scope … for distorting her evaluation of the employee. I show that the manager justifies her evaluation if and only if the … employee’s performance was poor. The justification assures the employee that the manager has not distorted the evaluation …