In this paper we examine the empirical relevance of three prominent endogenous protection models. Is protection for …) and the Tariff Function (Findlay and Wellisz, 1982) models are significant at the one percent level. Novel is our … application of a single, unified theoretical framework to take strict interpretations of the three theoretical models to the data …

We study the relationship between participation in free trade agreements (FTAs) and the sustainability of democracy …

This paper examines the rationale for the rules on domestic subsidies in international trade agreements through a … curtailed by a trade agreement that binds tariffs only. We refer to this as the policy substitution problem. When factors of … credibly commit vis-à-vis the domestic lobby unless the trade agreement also regulates production subsidies, thus addressing …

This paper explores the role of pooled-producer, e.g. private label, trade intermediation in shaping the range and … diversity of exports. Direct sales maintain a firm’s unique product characteristics (‘brand equity’), whereas trade through an … trade variety for volume, firms face greater competition from the new pooled-products, and intermediaries capture much of …

trade agreements and Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) have been signed to lower tariffs and reduce the risks of …

This paper examines the rationale for the rules on domestic subsidies in international trade agreements through a … curtailed by a trade agreement that binds tariffs only. We refer to this as the policy substitution problem. When factors of … credibly commit vis-à-vis the domestic lobby unless the trade agreement also regulates production subsidies, thus addressing …

This paper explores the role of pooled-producer, e.g. private label, trade intermediation in shaping the range and … diversity of exports. Direct sales maintain a firm's unique product characteristics (‘brand equity'), whereas trade through an … trade variety for volume, firms face greater competition from the new pooled-products, and intermediaries capture much of …

We study the relationship between participation in free trade agreements (FTAs) and the sustainability of democracy …

This paper examines the trade policy response of Latin American governments to the rapid growth of China and India in …

does not prove) the existence of counter-cyclical, hidden protectionism due to non-tariff barriers to trade in the United …Are product standards protectionism in disguise? This paper estimates the costs of non-compliance with U.S. product … exports to the United States. This trade reducing effect is driven by developing countries and by refusals without any product …