internal fight reduces the alliance’s ability to succeed against the outside enemy. Second, the option to make non …-binding declarations on non-aggression in the relationship between alliance members does not make peaceful settlement within the alliance … more likely. Third, higher differences in the alliance players’ contributions to alliance effort lead to more internal …

; however, this subsequent internal conflict does not discourage alliance members from expending much effort in the contest … repeated interaction, direct contact or communication, free-riding among alliance members is far less pronounced than what … outside enemy, ‘brothers in arms’ may already anticipate future internal conflict about dividing the spoils of winning …

that associated with either external wars or internal conflict. As well, terrorism is associated with a redirection of …We perform an empirical investigation of the macroeconomic consequences of international terrorism and interactions … dataset for terrorist events, and datasets of external and internal conflict. We explore these data with cross-sectional and …

of terrorism, as well as internal and external conflict is equivalent to as much as a 30 percent tariff on trade. This is … from the Rose [2004] dataset, the ITERATE dataset for terrorist events, and datasets of external and internal conflict. We …