in many countries and more needs to be done to make growth more “inclusive”.In the second part we estimate the trend … the growth rates of GDP trend. For Africa as a hole and for most countries we find relatively low trend growth rates until … the mid-nineties. Since then the trend growth rates rose remarkably - for Africa from 2 % to about 5 %. In the last five …

In this paper an Unobserved Components Model is employed to decompose U.S. real GDP into trend and cycle components … the long-run development during the last 50 years can be represented by a segmented linear trend with a break in the drift …

In this paper, an Unobserved Components Model is employed to decompose German real GDP into the trend, cycle and …

with a reliable estimation of the trend component at the end of the data sample. To this end we employ time-varying values … of the flexible penalization the trend component of temperature is still increasing, possibly with a somewhat lower pace. …