that are more effective at preventing outsider's entry and at mitigating price competition lead to less patenting. We test … restrict entry and price competition. We show that guilds which originated from medieval religious confraternities were more … likely to regulate entry and competition, and that the effect on patenting is robust to instrumenting guild statutes with …

market competition eventually prevails over family ties even in a family-controlled governance system such as in Italy …The paper analyzes the interplay of product market competition and governance on CEO compensation in Italian listed … definitions of competition: the intensity of import penetration, which accounts for price competition, and the intensity of R …

local credit markets. We provide evidence that marginal increases in interbank competition are detrimental to relationship … technologies are al-ready widely in use in the market by a large group of small mutual banks, an increase in competition may drive …