behave as if they maximize their net biomass subject to constraints which express the organisms‘ risk of being preyed upon … during predation. Like consumers, organisms face a ‘budget constraint‘ requiring their expenditure on prey biomass not to … exceed their revenue from supplying own biomass. Short-run ecosystem equilibria are defined and derived. The net biomass …

for land and prey biomass. We introduce a competitive allocation mechanism in both submodels such that economic prices and … divergence of prices for biomass and land in both subsystems. Finally, we determine values of all components of the ecosystem in …

and in actual policymaking, is to link negotiations on climate change control with decisions concerning international R … strategy, and on the other hand the incentives for the US to join a coalition which cooperates both on climate change control …

physical and cognitive function? While many studies have explored the indirect links between climate and welfare (e … further evidence in support of a physiologically based causal mechanism. This more direct causal link between climate and … social welfare has important implications for both the economics of climate change and comparative development …