double dividend in that it reduces both minor offenses and more severe crime. We develop a model of criminal subcultures in … attractive for some people who would otherwise commit more severe crime. If social status is sufficiently important in criminal … subcultures, zero-tolerance reduces crime across the board …

can be tricky, this paper uses the crime strategic model (inspection game) proposed by Tsebelis. This model shows that any … attempts to increase the severity of punishment will alter the payoff of the individuals involved, leaving unchanged the … frequency of violation at equilibrium. This result is misleading: payoffs are not independent and the crime game can not be …

Can raising awareness of racial bias subsequently reduce that bias? We address this question by exploiting the … widespread media attention highlighting racial bias among professional basketball referees that occurred in May 2007 following … the release of an academic study. Using new data, we confirm that racial bias persisted in the years after the study …

Purchasing power adjusted incomes applied in cross-country comparisons are measured with bias. In this paper, we … estimate the purchasing power parity (PPP) bias in Penn World Table incomes and provide corrected incomes. The bias is … bias and the bias in consumer price index (CPI) numbers. The PPP bias and subsequent corrected incomes are measured by …

bias in labor court activity - that is, court activity varies systematically with the political leaning of the government …

capital amounts to 0.08 after correcting for publication bias. A substantial part of the heterogeneity across studies is … explained by study design parameters, such as econometric specification, estimation technique, empirical model, type of public …