The Gini coefficient is based on the sum of pairwise income differences. For an individual, differences vis … inequality in various ranges of the income distribution. Applications to the Kuznets transformation in developing countries, to … polarization in advanced countries and to broad increases or decreases in income dispersion are explored …

This paper investigates the long-run economic relationship between health care expenditure and income in the world … in the form of either a common factor model or a spatial process. We estimate a global measure of income elasticity using … all countries in the sample, and for sub-groups of countries, depending on their geo-political area and income. Our …

Most equivalence scales which are applied in research on poverty and inequality do not depend on income, although there … is strong empirical evidence that equivalence scales in fact are income dependent. This paper explores the consistency of … results derived from income independent and income dependent scales. It is shown that scales of both types inevitably lead to …

emigrants in terms of preemigration earnings: the income distribution for the migrants almost stochastically dominates the …